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Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 01 02 03 04 05 06

Essays where anthropological cosmology

meet with cosmology in physics

Genesis Project California 2021!

⋅

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PART IN ANY FORM. PUBLISHED BY GENESIS PROJECT!

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Abstract

It would seem the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago because a meteor

impacted the Earth in the Yucatan. This kicked up a lot of dust into the atmosphere

blocking sunlight causing darkness and vegetation to die, only the small mammals were

very successful. It would seem this gave way for humans to evolve from mammals

instead of becoming reptilian. In this sense we might guess much intelligent life in the

universe could be of a Reptilian Nature, if the process by which life happens is Universal.

Can we understand our origins by looking at small rocks that burn-up and make it to the

Earth surface, that originated in the asteroid belt, a place where matter was torn apart

into anything from small pebbles to, meter-wide rocks, to several miles in diameter,

because of its distance from the sun and the spacing of the planets acting on them?

Incredible enough this vast region of small rocks, and large iron-nickel boulders is shown

here to be so deeply connected with the physical constants that arise from the Nature of

the relationships between mass, length, and time in our Universe, that as unfathomable

as it would seem, with these small rocks found on earth we can arrive at some

remarkably accurate results. There is a big mystery surrounding life and it seems to be

connected to the meteors.

Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 01"

I had found (Beardsley Essays In Cosmic Archaeology. 2021) where I suggested the idea of

proton seconds, that is six protons-seconds, which is carbon the core element of biological life

if we can ﬁgure out a reason to divide out the seconds. I found"

Equation 1. "

Where h is Planck’s constant 6.62607E—34 Js, r_p is the radius of a proton 0.833E-15m, G is

the universal constant of gravitation 6.67408E-11 (Nm2)/(kg2), and c is the speed of light

299,792,459 m/s. And t_1 is t=1 second. is the Sommerfeld constant (or ﬁne structure

constant) is 1/137. The mass of a proton is ."

The ﬁne structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the ﬁrst

circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed

of light squared: "

Alpha decay is the decay of elements where a helium nucleus is ejected from an element (alpha

particles). This happens with atoms heavier than nickel because the atom has to be heavy

h4πr

= 6protons

= 1.67262E − 27kg

While we catalog asteroids in the asteroid belt that could hit earth and are large enough to

cause a cataclysm, recent research research published in Historical Biology lead by Michael

Rampino suggests mass extinction events are cyclical every 27 million years due to the solar

system’s orbit around the galaxy. It passes through a chaotic region of debris in its orbit

causing large asteroid strikes that correspond with the last three great extinctions. He says we

are not due for another mass extinction for 20 million years from now.

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enough that the internal repulsion between protons is high enough that the binding force has

trouble holding them together. However, interestingly beryllium-8 is an exception; it is much

lighter than nickel. Beryllium-8 was determined by Fred Hoyle to make carbon in nuclear

synthesis in stars by combining with helium. He sought to ﬁnd the process by which carbon is

created because the Universe needs to make it if we are to have life as we know it. "

Alpha particles (helium nuclei) have a typical kinetic energy of 5MeV and a speed of 15,000,000

m/s. This is 1.6E-12 Joules and 1.5E7 m/s. Note the deﬁning point here is nickel. This

becomes important because most meteors and asteroids are iron-nickel."

This is 1.5E7 meters"

The Solar mass is "

The Earth radius is 6,378km"

We have ( )"

About 40 pounds. A meteor has to have a size of at least 1 meter in diameter so as not burn up

completely before making it to the ground. That is, the size required for a meteor to become a

meteorite. About 3.3 feet in diameter. By the time it makes it to the ground it is 128-256 grams.

For stony irons, that is a density of 4 g/cm3 which is 4000 kg/m3 by these ﬁgures. The average

density of a so-called asteroidal chondritic meteor is 4200 kg/m3. Thus we have:"

We have 128 grams is 0.128kg in the lower limit for a meteorite. If we want to temper the

meteorite with the meteor before it burns up in the lower limit for size by using the geometric

mean we have multiplying both sides by two for second planet Venus:"

1.5E 7

⋅ (1secon d ) = x

1.6E − 12N ⋅ m

1.5E 7m

= 1.0667E − 19N ≈ 1E − 19Ne wtons

⊙

= 1.989E30kg ≈ 2E 30kg

1E − 19kg

⋅

2E 30kg

= 5E − 50

M =

(5E − 50m /s

)(6,378,000m)

6.67432E − 11

= 3.0E − 26kg

= 1.67262E − 27kg

= 18.22kg

π(0.5m)

⋅ 4200

= 2,100kg

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Using an exact value for the mass of the sun:"

This is Venus orbit in astronomical units, which is Venus orbit divided by Earth orbit. Venus is

said to be a failed Earth in that she underwent a runaway greenhouse eﬀect. The chondritic

meteoroid is a meteor that came from the asteroid belt. We currently study the asteroid belt to

catalog asteroid orbits to see if any might be on a trajectory to collide with earth, so we can

knock it oﬀ such a trajectory and not suﬀer the fate of the dinosaurs whose extinction was

brought about by such an asteroid landing in the Yucatan. What this amount to is:"

Equation 2. "

Where E_alpha is the energy of an alpha particle, and v_alpha its velocity. R_e is the radius of

the Earth. And,…"

Equation 3. "

Where the c subscript denotes chondritic meteors. Combining equations 1, 2, and 3 we have"

Equation 4. "

In work of mine (Essays In Cosmic Archaeology Volume Four, 2021) I explained the relationship

between planetary orbits and the primary semiconductor elements silicon (Si) and germanium

(Ge) with the very accurate result (silicon also being the main component of sand)."

Equation 5. "

By molar mass. This gives"

4,200 ⋅ 0.17357kg = 27kg

= 19.54kg

19.54kg

27kg

= 0.72

⋅

⊙

⋅

= 19.54kg/s

⋅ ρ

= 27kg

⊙

19.54

= 0.72

2SiGe +

1 +

= 0.72

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Equation 6: "

See Appendix one for this ﬁrst section of Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites for the calculations. "

Discussion: It would seem these small rocks that must be at least a meter in diameter

(meteors) to make it to the earth without burning up, and that we can ﬁnd on the surface

on the average 0.128 kg to 0.256 kg can allow us to probe into some deep questions:

Does life evolve by a common process throughout the universe (We we see the meteors

are described by 6 proton-seconds and 6 protons is carbon, the core element of life on

earth)? Was Earth hit by a large meteor several miles across so the Dinosaurs would go

extinct giving way to mammalian, upright life with an opposable thumb to evolve into

existence? Or, are we a chance ﬂuke? Or, does this happen on other planets evolving

throughout the universe quite often? Is there intelligent reptilian life throughout the

universe and if so how much would be reptilian and how much mammalian. If not, why

did the dinosaurs come into existence if whatever was responsible for life on earth was

to make our solar system such that an asteroid would bring about their extinction. Are

there intelligent life forms other than reptilian and mammalian throughout the universe,

or that is not based on carbon? As we shall see, while we cannot answer these

questions, we can however, develop further causes in asteroids/meteors/meteorites 02.

Interestingly t=t1=1 seconds are used in both equation 1 and equation 4 connecting

carbon the core element of life to the meteors.

Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 02"

If we can get down to this kind of accuracy for Venus orbit using earth size, the mass of the

sun, the lowest energy orbit in the Bohr atom (ﬁne structure constant) through the lower limit of

a meteor to make it to earth surface (become a meteorite) for these small rocks in the asteroid

belt using proton-seconds like this, the proton-seconds might be useful for modeling the solar

system, which has so many complex unmanageable amounts of factors. In essence these

equations outline an approach. Might even be able to use the Schrödinger wave-equation with

these small rocks in the asteroid belt to determine the probability of asteroids being in the earth

region of space at a given time. "

We have the Schrödinger wave equation is

We must solve it for psi and ﬁnd psi squared.. "

Which is "

⊙

2SiGe +

1 +

iℏ

∂ψ

∂t

(

ℏ ∇

2 m

+ V ( r )

)

ψ ( r, t)

ψ (x, y, z)

d xdyd z

= [ψ (x, y, z, y)][ψ*(x, y . z, t)]

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Because psi is a complex function, so we must multiply it with its complex conjugate and take

the absolute value. To ﬁnd psi for a region around the earth between the distance from the

earth to the moon all the way around the sun; Near earth objects (NEO’s) are classiﬁed by such

a region around the earth, would be very diﬃcult to do for the meteors in the asteroid belt a

meter in diameter as used in my calculations considering them as very small quanta

comprising a cloud like electron clouds in an atom, compared to the size of planets, moons,

and asteroids. However there may be another avenue. We have a data estimate. "

The Earth is hit by about 6,100 meteors a year that are large enough to make it to the ground,

which is about 17 everyday according to Gonzalo Tancredi an astronomer at the University of

the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay. He arrived at this from a database that says that in the

last 95 years 95 people have observed the rare event where a large meteor the size of a

minivan have entered the atmosphere and broke up into small rocks that showered the sky,

many of them landing on rooftops, which is about 8 per year. To arrive at his ﬁgure of 6,100 he

reasoned that people only inhabit 0.44% of the Earth’s land area which is 0.13% of it surface

area and therefore for every observed impact another 770 that impact the Earth go

unobserved. "

Thus 6,100 meteors a year is a frequency of (6100)/(365 days)(24 hrs)(60 min)(60 sec)=(6100)/

(31536000 seconds per year). This is a frequency of 0.0002 meteors per second. "

Is the frequency we can use in plank’s equation%

I ﬁrst estimated our asteroid of radius (0.5 m) to be 2,200 kg. Which gave"

The average orbital velocity of an asteroid in the asteroid belt is about 40km per second. Thus

for a Planck constant for sizes on the order of meteors we suggest there exists some distance

between the asteroid belt at its outer edge at 3.2AU and the outer reaches of the solar system

at Pluto average orbit of 39.5AU. We arrive at it by taking the geometric mean between these

two distances (foot note 1):

This corresponds to an orbital velocity of"

ν = (2E − 4) ⋅ s

−1

= E = hυ

h =

1,100

0.0002

(3.2)(39.5) = 22AU

What I mean by this is 39.5-22=17.5 and 17.5+3.2 is approximately 22 where 3.2 is the

asteroid belt. This is further interesting in that this reconciles the harmonic mean with

arithmetic mean for Mars orbit which is 1.5. The harmonic mean is 2(39.5)(22)/(39.5+22)=28.26.

28.26-3.2=25 and (22+25)/2=23.5. And, 23.5-1.5=22. The asteroid belt is the ﬁrst orbit after

Mars.

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The rotational kinetic energy of the Earth is"

Which is 2.138E29J. This corresponds to an upsilon of"

This is the frequency of X-rays which have a wavelength of"

This corresponds to the kinetic energy of an electron using it as the de Broglie wavelength of"

This interesting in light of the Richardson Eﬀect. Electrons can be emitted from metals. This is

modeled by considering them in some kind of a potential well created by the ions which

depends on the structure of the metal. The modeling can be done such that the potential of the

electron moving in the metal is a constant -W until it reaches the surface at which point W is

zero and any electron here whose kinetic energy due to its motion if perpendicular to the

surface is greater than the barrier potential W will escape. Emission of electrons from a metal

occurs at high temperatures resulting in this eﬀect called the thermionic eﬀect or photoelectric

eﬀect. Thermionic emission (The Richardson Eﬀect) ."

But the interesting thing is we don’t have to calculate W, but can determine it experi- mentally

by looking at the refractive index of a metal for de Broglie waves associated with an electron

beam hitting the metal whose initial kinetic energy is E. The refractive index is"

Measuring diﬀraction values for diﬀerent values of E we can derive W. Davisson and Germer in

1927 derived that and found for Tungsten W should be 13.5eV but measurements show it is =

4.5eV . But the quantum statistical formula works because the depth of the quantum well W

minus the fermi energy ✏

= 9eV for tungsten is 13.5-9=4.5eV. In the case of nickel (Ni) the

experimental result is 5.0eV and the theoretical result for the Fermi level is 11.8eV gives

potential well depth W of 16.8 eV. Experimental diﬀraction of electrons on nickel result in (17

+/- 1) eV. This is our energy from the de Broglie wavelength that corresponds to our Planck

constant for the material in the asteroid belt. "

⊙

3.31868E15m

= 40,000 m

h = 5,500,000(40,000) = 2.2E11J ⋅ s

K =

Iω

υ = E /h = 2.138E29J/2.2E11Js = 9.72E17s

−1

λ =

299792458m /s

9.72E17s

−

= 3E − 10 = 0.3nm

K =

2m λ

= 16.8eV

n =

out

(

E + W

)

1/2

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Most meteors are iron-nickel meteors.Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 03"

Concerning equation 5:"

Why are the meteors connected to silicon equation 6:"

Through venus. Silicon actually appears in many meteors as (silicates). The types of meteors

are:"

There are three types of meteorites: 1. Iron meteorites%

2. Stony- iron meteorites%

3. Stony meteorites "

The Iron meteorites are mostly Iron-nickel metal with small amounts of sulphide and carbide

minerals. This is the element nickel (Ni) so prominent in our calculations. Meteors seem to have

a similar structure to the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars in that they have

an iron core and concentric layers surrounded by a silicate mantle and crust. Thus meteorites

are studied to tell us about how the terrestrial planets might have formed. If we look at stars on

the main sequence we ﬁnd their luminosity is given by: "

Where L is the luminosity of a star in solar luminosities and M is its mass in solar masses. I ﬁnd

it interesting that in molar mass 3.5=Au/Fe where Au is gold=196.96 g/mol and Fe is iron=55.85

g/mol. Thus we have "

We consider the protoplanetary disc from which the planets formed. First we form a table of

the masses of the planets."

K =

2m λ

= 16.8eV

2SiGe +

1 +

= 0.72

⊙

2SiGe +

1 +

L = M

3.5

L = M

Au/Fe

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Taking the protoplanetary disc as a thin disc we integrate from its center to the edge, with

density decreasing linearly to zero at the edge. Thus, if the density function is given by"

And, our integral is"

Si + Ge

2.33 + 5.323

= 3.8265g/cm

ρ(r) = ρ

(

1 −

)

M =

∫

2π

∫

(

1 −

)

rdrdθ

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The mass of the solar system adding up all the planets yields"

That accounts for"

82% of the mass of the solar system not including the sun, that is, of the

protoplanetary disc surrounding the sun."

Using germanium alone, we get,"

If we weight the mixture of silicon and germanium as 1/3 and 2/3, then we have"

Which is very close."

93%"

This is all very good, because I only used the planets and asteroids."

Weighting silicon and germanium as 1/4 and 3/4 we have"

Which accounts for"

98%"

Of the mass of the solar system (very accurate)."

This mixture of 1/4 to 3/4 is a combination that exists in the Earth atmosphere which is

approximately the mixture of oxygen to nitrogen. The earth atmosphere can be considered a

mixture of chieﬂy O2 and N2 in these proportions:"

M =

πρ

π(3.8265)(7.4 × 10

)

= 2.194 × 10

gra ms

M = 2.668 × 10

gra ms

2.194

2.668

100 =

π(5.323)(7.4 × 10

)

= 3.05 × 10

gra ms

π(4.32467)(7.4 × 10

)

= 2.48 × 10

gra ms

2.48

2.668

100 =

π(4.4 . 57475)(7.4 × 10

)

= 2.623 × 10

gra ms

2.623

2.668

100 =

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Air is about 25% oxygen gas (O2) by volume and 75% nitrogen gas (N2) by volume meaning

the molar mass of air as a mixture is:"

By molar mass the ratio of air to H20 (water) is about the golden ratio:"

I am not saying the solar system was a thin disk with density of the weighted mean somewhere

between silicon and germanium, but that it can be modeled as such, though if the

protoplanetary disk that eclipses epsilon aurigae every 27 years is any indication of what a

protoplanetary cloud is like, it is a thin disk in the sense that it is about 1 AU thick and 10 AU in

diameter. This around a star orbiting another star."

But further why not consider the value t1=1 second that connects the carbon of life to the

meteors?"

The second does have meaning especially in connection with life. By dividing the day into 24

hours, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds, the second is 1/86400 of day.

By doing this we have a twelve-hour daytime at spring and fall equinox on the equator, 12

being the most divisible number for its size (smallest abundant number). That is to say that

twelve is evenly divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 which precede it and 1+2+3+4+6=16 is greater than

twelve. As such there is about one moon per 30 days and about 12 moons per year (per each

orbit) giving us a twelve-month calendar. This is all further convenient in that the moon and

earth are in very close to circular orbits and the circle is evenly divisible by 30, 45, 60, and 120

if we divide the circle into 360 degrees which are special angles very useful to the workings of

physics and geometry. Further, the 360 degrees of a circle are about the 365 days of a year

(period of one earth orbit) so as such the earth moves through about a degree a day in its

journey around the sun. Thus, through these observations down through the ages since ancient

times we have constructed the duration of a second wisely enough to make a lot work

together. Now we see 6 protons, which is carbon the core element of biological life on the

planet where all of this came together is deeply connected with the second that deﬁnes it all. "

Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 04"

I now combine equation 1:"

With equation 4 to eliminate t1:"

0.25O

+ 0.75N

≈ air

air

≈ Φ

h4πr

= 6protons

⊙

= 0.72

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And we get:"

Equation 7: "

Where"

Is the geometric mean between the masses of the average chondritic meteor and their

meteorite."

This is an interesting example of though you get two diﬀerent answers 6 protons and 8 protons

and neutrons (mass of a neutron equals mass of a proton), it is still the correct result. 8 protons

is beryllium-8 which is what stars uses to make carbon by combining it with helium to get

6+4=12=carbon-12. In other words since you need beryllium-8 to make carbon and carbon is

the basis of life as we know it, the meteorites are once again connected with life. The reason is

when you combine two diﬀerent estimates for t1 you get a slightly diﬀerent answer, Equation 1

is very accurate t1=1 second gives exactly 6 protons. Equation 7 is actually 8.33 protons. See

appendix two where I have done all of the calculations a second time, and the dimensional

analysis to make sure they produce the right units. Equation 5:"

Is exact as well being exactly 0.72 astronomical units which is the the average orbital distance

of Venus from the sun (See appendix 2 again). It may be that the play in range from 6 protons

to 8 protons from carbon to beryllium-8, corresponds to a region of for play in t1= 1 second,

and in the average size of a meteor. Which makes sense because we are dealing with a

complex belt of small pebbles, to meteors meters in diameter, to even miles across. It is

amazing how the data for such complex collection of debris actually pans out in the above

equations for mass of sun, radius of earth,…etc. It may be these tiny rocks found on the Earth

called meteorites hold the key to understanding our origins and fate."

8protons =

⋅

⊙

⋅

G(M

, M

)

h4πr

G(M

, M

) = 4R

2SiGe +

1 +

= 0.72

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Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 05

I had been working on an explanation for inertia when I discovered the equation used in

my paper on meteorites (Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 01 02 03 04, Beardsley 2021):

Equation 1. "

Where h is Planck’s constant 6.62607E—34 Js, r_p is the radius of a proton 0.833E-15m, G is

the universal constant of gravitation 6.67408E-11 (Nm2)/(kg2), and c is the speed of light

299,792,459 m/s. And t_1 is t=1 second. is the Sommerfeld constant (or ﬁne structure

constant) is 1/137. The mass of a proton is ."

The ﬁne structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the ﬁrst

circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed

of light squared: "

I explained inertia as follows with the following diagram:!

h4πr

= 6protons

= 1.67262E − 27kg

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Matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists change in position with a force

applied to it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We understand this from

experience, but what is matter that it has inertia?

I would like to answer this by considering matter in one of its simplest manifestations,

the proton, a small sphere with a mass of 1.6726E-27 kg. This is a measure of its inertia.

I would like to suggest that matter, often a collection of these protons, is the three

dimensional cross-section of a four dimensional hypersphere.

The way to visualize this is to take space as a two-dimensional plane and the proton as a

two dimensional cross-section of a sphere, which would be a circle.

In this analogy we are suggesting a proton is a three dimensional bubble embedded in a

two dimensional plane. As such there has to be a normal vector holding the higher

dimensional sphere in a lower dimensional space. Thus if we apply a force to to the cross-

section of the sphere in the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to

the normal holding it in a lower dimensional universe. This counter force would be

experienced as inertia. It may even induce in it an electric ﬁeld, and we can see how it

may do the same equal but opposite for the electron. Refer to the illustration on the

following page…

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The interesting thing is, having seen this connected to meteors I wrote a program for

that study, and what results in the ﬁrst part of it is quite interesting. Here is the output:

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no

more than 10?): 8

Enter a number for t 1

: 1

protons 6.0300 protons

Enter a number for t 2

: 2

protons 3.0150 protons

Enter a number for t 3

: 3

protons 2.0100 protons

Enter a number for t 4

: 4

protons 1.5075 protons

Enter a number for t 5

: 5

protons 1.2060 protons

Enter a number for t 6

: 6

protons 1.0050 protons

Enter a number for t 7

: 7

protons 0.8614 protons

Enter a number for t 8

: 8

protons 0.7537 protons

The interesting thing we see is that t equal to 1 second yields six

protons, is the number of proton in carbon, which is the element upon

which life as we know it is based and if t is equal to six seconds,

then the result is 1.0050 rounds to 1.01 is the molar mass of hydrogen

and the number of protons in hydrogen which is one and hydrogen, is

the first element in the periodic table, the most abundant element in

the Universe, and combines with carbon to make hydrocarbons the basic

skeleton of organic matter. So we see we have the following

fascinating result:

(6 protons)(1 second)=(6 seconds)(1 proton)

h 4π r

G c

= (6pr ot on s)(1seco n d )

h 4π r

G c

= (1pr ot on)(6secon d s)

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Here is the section of code I wrote in C so you can verify the

results:

// main.c

// Asteroids

// Created by Ian Beardsley on 11/5/21.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

int i, n;

float t,p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,

c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])

{{

{

printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in

equation 1 (no more than 10?): ");

scanf("%i", &n);

}

while (n>=10);

for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

{

printf("Enter a number for t %i\n: ", i);

scanf("%f", &t);

protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/

(G*c));

printf("protons %.4f protons \n", protons[i]);

}

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Showing the units are correct for equation 1, and the

numerical computation by hand for it.

of 20 32

Note: "

Concerning the two equations"

While I understand that one second is a human invention and can’t be taken as signiﬁcant, the

equations have meaning in that there are two equations each utilizing a second so they are

connected. But what really makes me wonder is how one can predict carbon, the other

hydrogen so accurately with the unit of a second. It was a conspiracy on the part of those who

formulated the duration of a second a long time ago to be what it is? The Ancient Egyptians,

The Babylonians, The Julian calendar—who, what, when?!

h4πr

= (6protons)(1secon d )

h4πr

= (1proton)(6seconds)

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Asteroids/Meteors/Meteorites 06"

6 protons gives a little more than a second. This makes a longer day. We have"

H=1.00784 g/mol, carbon = 6 protons"

h=6.62607E-34, r_p=0.833E-15, G=6.67408E-11, c=299,792,459"

(24hours)/(1.004996352)=23.8806837hours/day"

Over the past several billion years the length of the year has not deviated much from 365.25

days because of Kepler’s period for the orbit of a planet but, because the earth loses energy to

the moon, its days becomes longer over time by 0.0067 hours per million years which, we can

see from examining sedimentation band growth, which follows the lunar month. To get our

23.8806837 hours per day we have to go back about 18 million years:"

24-23.8806837=0.0067t"

t=17.80840299 million years"

This is the Miocene, a time which the Earth cooled slowly towards a series of ice ages,

between the Oligocene and the Pliocene deﬁned by the boundaries of the cooler Oligocene

and the warmer Pliocene. See Messinian Salinity Crisis and Zarclean Flood. When the

dinosaurs roamed the Earth 70 million years ago the day was 23.7 hours long, about a half an

hour shorter. They seemed to have gone extinct about 65 million years ago when an asteroid

hit in the Yucatan, probably because we were moving through a place in the galaxy full of

debris, through which we pass every 27 million years. But asteroids in the asteroid belt pose a

threat as well, and that is why we catalog their trajectories. The asteroid belt is about 1AU thick

at 2.2 to 3.2 AU from the sun, the earth-sun separation being 1 AU. Carbon-12 the basis of life

as we know it is 12.01 g/mol. It is made in stars from Beryllium-8 is 8.0053051 g/mol. Thus we

have"

Delta x equal to 1 AU is both Earth and The Asteroids. Mars is at 1.52AU. Delta X cancels with

the Earth leaving Mars equal to carbon to beryllium, which is life, Does this say we need to be

able to colonize Mars to succeed as a species?"

Or, does it mean we need to put bases on the moon to mine Helium-3 as a clean, renewable

energy source."

6α

h4πr

= 1.004996352secon d s

Mars

Earth

Δx

Δx = 1AU

C =

He +

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Appendix 1!

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Appendix 2!

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Author: Ian Beardsley"